Hyperpigmentation is an area of skin that is darker compared to its natural colour due to a higher concentration of melanin in the area. Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the lower layer of the epidermis. Production of melanin is dependent on UV exposure and is a natural protective mechanism of the skin. However, as we age, melanocyte distribution is less and its regulation less controlled by the body. Hyperpigmentation is frequently seen on areas of the skin such as face, hands and décolleté that are often exposed to UV light. While hyperpigmentation is most often caused by sun exposure, it can also be a result of hormonal changes or occur in an area of previous inflammation.

Pore size is primarily related to oil production, and although this is affected by other factors, it is primarily determined by one’s genetics. Individuals who are genetically predisposed to produce more oil will naturally have pores that are larger. Pores may appear larger over time if they have been stretched by prolonged congestion with dirt, oil and dead skin cells that tend to collect around pores. Pore size may also appear enlarged due to too much sun exposure or smoking. The natural process of aging also contributes to the appearance of larger pore size due to slowed cell turnover (congestion stretches out the pore), and reduced collagen and elastin production results in weakening the walls of pores so that instead of holding taut, they begin to gape.

Smooth, luminous skin is often associated with beauty and youth. Smooth soft skin may be natural for the rare few, but maintenance is a reality for most of us. When new skin cells grow and the old cells do not slough off, your skin can become patchy, irregular, rough and bumpy, especially in sun-damaged skin or in the oily T-zone area. Uneven skin texture causes the skin to look dull and may be accompanied by enlarged pores.